Section 1
109 dòng · 3 người nói · 26 từ vựng
00:00Narrator a number of different recordings, and you will have to answer questions on what you hear.
00:06 There will be time for you to read the instructions and questions,
00:11 and you will have a chance to check your work.
00:15 All the recordings will be played once only.
00:19 The test is in four sections.
00:22 Write all your answers in the listening question booklet.
00:26 At the end of the test,
00:28 you will be given 10 minutes to transfer your answers to an answer sheet.
00:35 Now turn to section one on page two of your question booklet.
00:45 Section one.
00:47 You will hear a woman phoning to enquire (hỏi thăm) about sailing courses (khóa học thuyền buồm).
00:52 First, you have some time to look at questions one to six on page two.
01:28 You will see that there is an example that has been done for you.
01:32 On this occasion only, the conversation relating to this will be played first.
01:41Man Hello.
01:42Woman Oh, good morning.
01:43 I'm calling on behalf of my 13-year-old son, Jacob.
01:47 He's interested in learning to sail.
01:50Man Great.
01:51 Well, we have what we call a taster day (ngày trải nghiệm) on the 22nd of June.
01:55Woman I'm not sure he can make it, but we'll see.
02:01Narrator The taster day (ngày trải nghiệm) is on the 22nd of June.
02:06 So 22nd June has been written in the space.
02:11 Now we shall begin.
02:13 You should answer the questions as you listen,
02:16 because you will not hear the recording a second time.
02:21 Listen carefully and answer questions one to six.
02:28Man Hello.
02:29Woman Oh, good morning.
02:30 I'm calling on behalf of my 13-year-old son, Jacob.
02:34 He's interested in learning to sail.
02:36Man Great.
02:37 Well, we have what we call a taster day (ngày trải nghiệm) on the 22nd of June.
02:42Woman I'm not sure he can make it, but we'll see.
02:45 Jacob's really interested though.
02:47 So, can you tell me about the courses?
02:50Man Okay.
02:50 We have two types of courses for children under 16,
02:54 two-day and five-day.
02:56Woman Could you explain the difference?
02:58Man Well, the two-day one just covers basics (những điều cơ bản),
03:00 and just covers basic techniques (kỹ thuật) in sailing.
03:03 And on this course, the kids always sail with the instructor they've been allocated (phân công).
03:07Woman Well, that's good to know.
03:08Man Yeah.
03:09 And the cost is 65 pounds.
03:11Woman Oh, I thought it was more than that.
03:14 I heard it was 125 pounds.
03:17Man That's for the five-day course.
03:18Woman Okay.
03:20 I presume that course goes into much more detail (chi tiết).
03:23Man Yes, and from the third day, the kids are given the choice (sự lựa chọn) to sail on their own if they want.
03:28 We use the same types of boat, but we help them learn more techniques (kỹ thuật).
03:33 In particular, how to manage (quản lý) the boat in a variety (sự đa dạng) of types of weather.
03:37Woman Hmm.
03:38 I think Jacob would enjoy that course.
03:40 Do you give them a certificate (chứng chỉ) if they complete (hoàn thành) the course?
03:43Man Absolutely.
03:45 We give them out on the final day, which a lot of the kids really like.
03:48Woman Great.
03:50 Could you tell me a bit more about what the children have to bring and so forth?
03:54Man Well, the most important thing is the clothing (quần áo).
03:57 It goes without saying that whatever the time of year,
03:59 they should have plenty of warm clothes as it can be quite cool out on the water.
04:05Woman What about footwear (giày dép)?
04:06 Do they have to wear anything special?
04:08Man The only rule is that they've got to have shoes of some kind.
04:11 They mustn't have bare feet (chân trần).
04:13Woman Okay.
04:15Man And we suggest the kids pack an extra pair of trousers.
04:18 You know, waterproof (chống nước) ones.
04:19 They don't have to wear them unless it starts to rain.
04:22Woman Fine.
04:23 So basically, it's just using your common sense (lẽ thường).
04:26Man Yes.
04:28 Oh, and one other thing we do say is that the children mustn't wear jeans (quần bò)
04:32 because they get extremely heavy (cực kỳ nặng) when they're wet.
04:34Woman Oh, okay.
04:39Narrator Before you hear the rest of the conversation,
04:41 you have some time to look at questions seven to 10 on page two.
05:07 Now listen and answer questions seven to 10.
05:15Woman One thing I forgot to ask is whether it's possible to get a meal anywhere.
05:19Man I'm afraid not.
05:21 But we do have a shop called the Marina Stores where he can get a snack.
05:25Woman Okay.
05:26 And before I forget, when I drop Jacob off, where can I park?
05:30Man Good question.
05:31 There's spaces near the entrance, but you have to pay for them.
05:35 But there's no charge for the car park just by the bridge.
05:38 Do you know it?
05:39Woman Oh yes, I know where you mean.
05:42Man Now, we do need you to fill in a registration form (mẫu đăng ký).
05:45 You should send that in a couple of weeks before the course starts.
05:49 The form is on the website, but we ask you to print it off and add your signature (chữ ký).
05:53Woman Yes, of course.
05:55 What sort of information do you need?
05:57Man About your child's swimming ability (khả năng bơi lội),
06:00 any special requirements (yêu cầu đặc biệt) and so on.
06:03Woman Will you need to know who his doctor is?
06:05Man Yes.
06:06Woman We've just recently changed surgeries (phòng khám), so I'll make a note to get that.
06:10Man And one more thing.
06:11 There's a separate form on the website, which is optional (tùy chọn),
06:16 that asks whether you're willing for photographs (ảnh chụp) to be taken during the course.
06:19Woman Yes, of course, no problem.
06:22Man Great.
06:22 So, um, I'll send you a...
06:27Narrator That is the end of section one.
06:30 You now have half a minute to check your answers.
Từ vựng · 26 từ
enquirehỏi thăm
sailing courseskhóa học thuyền buồm
taster dayngày trải nghiệm
basicsnhững điều cơ bản
techniqueskỹ thuật
allocatedphân công
detailchi tiết
choicesự lựa chọn
managequản lý
varietysự đa dạng
certificatechứng chỉ
completehoàn thành
clothingquần áo
footweargiày dép
bare feetchân trần
waterproofchống nước
common senselẽ thường
jeansquần bò
extremely heavycực kỳ nặng
registration formmẫu đăng ký
signaturechữ ký
swimming abilitykhả năng bơi lội
special requirementsyêu cầu đặc biệt
surgeriesphòng khám
optionaltùy chọn
photographsảnh chụp
Section 2
56 dòng · 2 người nói · 48 từ vựng
07:03Narrator Now turn to section two on page three.
07:09Narrator 2 Part two.
07:11 You will hear part of a radio travel program (chương trình du lịch trên radio)
07:14 about a tourist resort (khu nghỉ dưỡng) called Stanley Island.
07:18 First, you have some time to look at questions 11 to 15.
07:52 Now listen carefully and answer questions 11 to 15.
07:59 Welcome once again to the show where we give you travel tips on popular tourist destinations in the Pacific region.
08:06 And today, our focus is on beautiful Stanley Island.
08:11 Now, before we get started, a word of warning.
08:14 The seaplane service to the island was discontinued (ngừng hoạt động) last week.
08:18 So for the next month at least, the sole link (liên kết duy nhất) to the island
08:22 is provided by the old ferry service,
08:25 since plans to run a hovercraft service (dịch vụ tàu đệm khí) to the island have been delayed (bị trì hoãn).
08:31 So what is there to see and do on Stanley Island?
08:34 Well, the main tourist areas (khu du lịch) are on the north, south and east coasts of the island.
08:40 As far as recreation (giải trí) goes, in the south,
08:43 you'll find several leisure parklands (khu công viên giải trí) such as Water World and Fantasy Island,
08:48 which seem well equipped (được trang bị) and reasonably priced (giá cả hợp lý).
08:51 If it's golf you're after, the 18-hole course in the south of the island
08:55 is currently being turned into a conference centre (trung tâm hội nghị).
08:58 But don't despair (tuyệt vọng),
09:00 there are two excellent (xuất sắc) courses just 30 minutes away on the east coast.
09:06 The south of the island has many large resorts (khu nghỉ dưỡng) and hotels with plenty of children's activities and clubs.
09:13 This part of the island caters mainly for (chủ yếu phục vụ cho) those seeking luxury (xa xỉ) to medium-class (hạng trung) accommodation (chỗ ở).
09:19 But the east coast has basic apartment complexes (khu chung cư) with fully equipped (trang bị đầy đủ) kitchens,
09:24 so that at least you can cook for yourself.
09:27 For those who like to get back to nature,
09:29 you'll probably find the south coast rather overdeveloped (phát triển quá mức).
09:34 The rainforest (rừng mưa nhiệt đới) areas on the west coast are largely inaccessible (không thể tiếp cận được)
09:37 because of the surrounding (xung quanh) mountains.
09:40 But those on the north coast are within easy reach (trong tầm tay),
09:43 and a local agency runs guided treks (chuyến đi bộ có hướng dẫn) through the jungle (rừng rậm).
09:48 If you're into water sports (thể thao dưới nước), all of the areas have something to offer.
09:55 Before you hear the rest of the program,
09:57 you have some time to look at questions 16 to 20.
10:26 Now listen and answer questions 16 to 20.
10:33 Now, here are a few bits of advice (lời khuyên) for those visiting the island for the first time.
10:38 To make your stay safer (an toàn hơn) and more enjoyable (thú vị).
10:42 The island is generally safe,
10:44 but it's as well to take a few precautions (biện pháp phòng ngừa).
10:47 If you're on any medication (thuốc), bring this with you.
10:50 It may not be available (có sẵn) on the island.
10:53 And it's also a good idea for everyone to pack some insect spray (bình xịt côn trùng) in their luggage (hành lý).
10:59 If you're thinking of going into the more mountainous (miền núi) region in the west of the island,
11:03 let someone know where you're going.
11:06 And remember, the reception (sóng điện thoại) for your mobile phone may be unreliable (không đáng tin cậy),
11:10 so don't depend on (phụ thuộc vào) that.
11:13 Take your own water.
11:15 Don't drink out of rivers.
11:17 You're likely to come across (tình cờ gặp) lots of monkeys.
11:19 They're cute, but watch out, as they can bite (cắn).
11:24 Finally, when you're back in the more inhabited (có người ở) areas,
11:27 take a break from steak (bít tết) and do try the local seafood (hải sản).
11:31 It's fresh (tươi) and very good value (đáng tiền).
11:37 That is the end of Part two.
11:39 You now have 45 seconds to check your answers to Part two.
Từ vựng · 48 từ
radio travel programchương trình du lịch trên radio
tourist resortkhu nghỉ dưỡng
discontinuedngừng hoạt động
sole linkliên kết duy nhất
hovercraft servicedịch vụ tàu đệm khí
delayedbị trì hoãn
tourist areaskhu du lịch
recreationgiải trí
leisure parklandskhu công viên giải trí
equippedđược trang bị
reasonably pricedgiá cả hợp lý
conference centretrung tâm hội nghị
despairtuyệt vọng
excellentxuất sắc
resortskhu nghỉ dưỡng
caters mainly forchủ yếu phục vụ cho
luxuryxa xỉ
medium-classhạng trung
accommodationchỗ ở
apartment complexeskhu chung cư
fully equippedtrang bị đầy đủ
overdevelopedphát triển quá mức
rainforestrừng mưa nhiệt đới
inaccessiblekhông thể tiếp cận được
surroundingxung quanh
within easy reachtrong tầm tay
guided trekschuyến đi bộ có hướng dẫn
junglerừng rậm
water sportsthể thao dưới nước
advicelời khuyên
saferan toàn hơn
enjoyablethú vị
precautionsbiện pháp phòng ngừa
medicationthuốc
availablecó sẵn
insect spraybình xịt côn trùng
luggagehành lý
mountainousmiền núi
receptionsóng điện thoại
unreliablekhông đáng tin cậy
depend onphụ thuộc vào
come acrosstình cờ gặp
bitecắn
inhabitedcó người ở
steakbít tết
seafoodhải sản
freshtươi
good valueđáng tiền
Section 3
79 dòng · 3 người nói · 63 từ vựng
12:27Narrator 3 Part three.
12:29 You will hear a business student (sinh viên kinh doanh) called Laura talking to her tutor (giảng viên hướng dẫn) about some research (nghiên cứu) she is planning to do on employee absence (sự vắng mặt của nhân viên).
12:38 First, you have some time to look at questions 21 to 24.
13:13 Now listen carefully and answer questions 21 to 24.
13:20Tutor Hello, Laura. Have a seat.
13:22Laura So, I understand you're planning to investigate (điều tra) absence (sự vắng mặt) from work for your research project (dự án nghiên cứu).
13:27 That's right.
13:29 I'm going to base it on a local company (công ty địa phương) called Burcock Engineering (kỹ thuật).
13:34Tutor Is there any particular reason (lý do cụ thể) why you've chosen Burcock?
13:37Laura Well, I'd originally (ban đầu) thought of asking another company, FG Engineering (kỹ thuật),
13:42 because I did my placement (thực tập) there, and I knew the staff there.
13:47 But the CEO (giám đốc điều hành) wasn't very keen (hào hứng).
13:50 But she knows the managing director (giám đốc điều hành) at Burcock, and she spoke to him,
13:53 and then he got in touch with me.
13:56 Apparently (dường như), absence (sự vắng mặt) is a major problem (vấn đề lớn) there, so he's quite interested in having it investigated.
14:02Tutor Okay.
14:03Laura So, my central theme (chủ đề trung tâm) is absence (sự vắng mặt),
14:06 but I'm thinking of concentrating (tập trung) on long-term absence (vắng mặt dài hạn).
14:10 I thought that might allow me to give more helpful feedback (phản hồi hữu ích) to the company.
14:15Tutor If I were you, I wouldn't be that specific (cụ thể).
14:17 I'd look at absence (sự vắng mặt) as a whole (nhìn chung).
14:19 You might get more interesting results (kết quả thú vị).
14:21Laura Oh, okay.
14:23Tutor So what's the main thing you expect to find?
14:25 Rises (sự gia tăng) in absence rates (tỷ lệ vắng mặt) over time?
14:28Laura Not really.
14:30 Initially (ban đầu), I wondered if workers often take time off without real justification (sự biện minh),
14:35 but I think that'll be hard to determine (xác định).
14:38 So, well,
14:40 I think I may find that it's something to do with what sort of job the employee (nhân viên) is doing.
14:45Tutor Okay.
14:46 Now, have you thought how you'll get your information?
14:49Laura Well, first of all, I need access (quyền truy cập) to the company records (hồ sơ công ty).
14:53Tutor Yes, obviously you'll need overall absence figures (số liệu vắng mặt tổng thể),
14:57 though it's unlikely (không chắc) they'll let you have them for individual workers (nhân viên cá nhân).
15:02 And you probably won't have access (quyền truy cập) to personal information (thông tin cá nhân) like when they were born,
15:06 but you should be able to use anonymous details (chi tiết ẩn danh) like the type of work they do,
15:11 or how long they've been with the company.
15:14Laura Okay.
15:18Narrator 3 Before you hear the rest of the discussion,
15:20 you have some time to look at questions 25 to 30.
15:54 Now listen and answer questions 25 to 30.
16:01Tutor So let's think a bit more about your questionnaire (bảng câu hỏi).
16:05Laura I know that it shouldn't be too long or people get bored (chán).
16:09Tutor No, but if it's too short, you don't get enough information.
16:12 The trick is to get the balance (sự cân bằng) right.
16:15Laura I think the questions should be closed questions (câu hỏi đóng) too.
16:18 I mean, where people choose an answer from a list.
16:21Tutor But then you miss the chance of getting unexpected information (thông tin bất ngờ),
16:25 so I'd include one or two open-ended questions (câu hỏi mở) too.
16:29Laura Okay.
16:30 And I won't ask for names or addresses or anything.
16:34Tutor No, it needs to be anonymous (ẩn danh).
16:36 And after you've drafted (soạn thảo) it, you need to give it to at least one person to check there aren't any problems.
16:41 So you need to leave enough time for that and any revisions (sự sửa đổi) necessary.
16:46Laura What about the covering letter (thư giới thiệu) that I'll send out with the questionnaire (bảng câu hỏi)?
16:50 I'll need to introduce (giới thiệu) myself and explain what the questionnaire (bảng câu hỏi) is for, but what else should I include?
16:57Tutor I'd reassure (trấn an) people that the survey (khảo sát) isn't going to be used to assess (đánh giá) them personally (cá nhân),
17:02 otherwise they might choose not to participate (tham gia).
17:04Laura Yes, I'll make that clear.
17:07 And what about when they do it?
17:09 Will they be allowed to use work time?
17:12Tutor That's really up to their manager (quản lý),
17:14 but you should say roughly (khoảng) how much time it'll take.
17:16Laura Okay.
17:18Tutor So now you need to produce a schedule (lịch trình) with dates.
17:21 For example, when you'll send out the questionnaire (bảng câu hỏi).
17:24Laura Yes, okay.
17:26 Once I can arrange that date with the manager (quản lý), I'll be able to fix the deadline (hạn chót) for getting the completed questionnaires (bảng câu hỏi) back.
17:33 And I want to use the time in between to analyze (phân tích) the figures that HR is going to give me from their database (cơ sở dữ liệu),
17:39 though they haven't said exactly when I'll get them.
17:43Tutor And you have to submit (nộp) your assignment (bài tập) by the end of June.
17:46Laura Actually, I have to get it finished by the second because I've arranged a work placement (kỳ thực tập) after that.
17:52Tutor Okay.
17:53Laura So, our next meeting is two weeks today.
17:56 Is that still okay?
17:58Tutor Yes, and in the meantime, I'll send you an email.
18:04Narrator 3 That is the end of Part three.
18:07 You now have 30 seconds to check your answers to Part three.
Từ vựng · 63 từ
business studentsinh viên kinh doanh
tutorgiảng viên hướng dẫn
researchnghiên cứu
employee absencesự vắng mặt của nhân viên
investigateđiều tra
absencesự vắng mặt
research projectdự án nghiên cứu
local companycông ty địa phương
Engineeringkỹ thuật
particular reasonlý do cụ thể
originallyban đầu
placementthực tập
CEOgiám đốc điều hành
keenhào hứng
managing directorgiám đốc điều hành
Apparentlydường như
major problemvấn đề lớn
central themechủ đề trung tâm
concentratingtập trung
long-term absencevắng mặt dài hạn
helpful feedbackphản hồi hữu ích
specificcụ thể
as a wholenhìn chung
interesting resultskết quả thú vị
Risessự gia tăng
absence ratestỷ lệ vắng mặt
Initiallyban đầu
justificationsự biện minh
determinexác định
employeenhân viên
accessquyền truy cập
company recordshồ sơ công ty
overall absence figuressố liệu vắng mặt tổng thể
unlikelykhông chắc
individual workersnhân viên cá nhân
personal informationthông tin cá nhân
anonymous detailschi tiết ẩn danh
questionnairebảng câu hỏi
boredchán
balancesự cân bằng
closed questionscâu hỏi đóng
unexpected informationthông tin bất ngờ
open-ended questionscâu hỏi mở
anonymousẩn danh
draftedsoạn thảo
revisionssự sửa đổi
covering letterthư giới thiệu
introducegiới thiệu
reassuretrấn an
surveykhảo sát
assessđánh giá
personallycá nhân
participatetham gia
managerquản lý
roughlykhoảng
schedulelịch trình
deadlinehạn chót
questionnairesbảng câu hỏi
analyzephân tích
databasecơ sở dữ liệu
submitnộp
assignmentbài tập
work placementkỳ thực tập
Section 4
73 dòng · 2 người nói · 72 từ vựng
18:37Narrator 4 Now turn to Section Four.
18:44 Section Four.
18:45 You will hear a lecturer (giảng viên) in development studies (nghiên cứu phát triển) talking about transhumance (du mục).
18:50 That is, the way groups of people move from place to place with their herds of animals (đàn gia súc).
18:55 First, you have some time to look at questions 31 to 40.
19:50 Now listen carefully and answer questions 31 to 40.
19:57Lecturer Good afternoon, everyone.
19:59 Today, I'm going to talk about what may be a new concept to you,
20:03 the movement of people with their herds of animals (đàn gia súc) from place to place.
20:08 This is known as transhumance (du mục).
20:11 These people are pastoralists (người chăn nuôi du mục), and their animals include cows, sheep, goats, horses, camels and reindeer.
20:20 Now, researchers sometimes make a distinction (sự phân biệt) between two types of transhumance (du mục):
20:24 fixed (cố định) and nomadic (du mục), and talk about various factors (yếu tố) which differentiate (phân biệt) between them.
20:32 The first and most important distinction (sự phân biệt) they make is to do with the climate (khí hậu).
20:37 Fixed (cố định) transhumance (du mục) occurs in countries such as Switzerland,
20:41 where seasons are predictable (có thể dự đoán) in terms of weather and timing (thời điểm).
20:45 Nomadic (du mục) transhumance (du mục), on the other hand, is generally practiced in areas
20:50 where climatic conditions (điều kiện khí hậu) are difficult to predict.
20:54 An example of such a location is Somalia,
20:57 as the anticipated rains (những cơn mưa được dự đoán) often just don't appear.
21:02 Secondly, researchers sometimes look at the type of journey (hành trình) that pastoralists (người chăn nuôi du mục) make.
21:07 Their movement.
21:09 For fixed (cố định) transhumance (du mục), the pattern is sometimes known as vertical (theo chiều dọc),
21:13 because it typically (thường) consists of (bao gồm) a journey (hành trình) from lower ground in the winter season
21:18 to higher ground in the summer and vice versa.
21:22 In the wild, of course, animals frequently follow these kinds of migration patterns (mô hình di cư) themselves.
21:29 Nomadic (du mục) transhumance (du mục) generally takes place over a longer distance,
21:34 and it's far more complex (phức tạp).
21:36 The actual pattern varies (thay đổi) from year to year,
21:39 and it's determined (được quyết định) primarily (chủ yếu) by the animals' needs for grass and also for water.
21:46 Another distinction (sự phân biệt) is sometimes made in terms of homes (nhà ở).
21:51 In the case of fixed (cố định) transhumance (du mục), the group will typically have permanent (cố định) homes (nhà ở) in the valley,
21:56 and a shelter (nơi trú ẩn), which is semi-permanent (bán cố định), in the mountains, such as a cabin (nhà gỗ nhỏ),
22:01 to offer some protection (sự bảo vệ) from the weather.
22:04 In nomadic (du mục) transhumance (du mục), however, the pastoralists (người chăn nuôi du mục) always live in temporary (tạm thời) shelters (nơi trú ẩn),
22:10 which are transported (được vận chuyển) by their livestock (gia súc) from place to place,
22:14 and are usually light and portable (di động).
22:18 In northern Kenya, for example, the Gabra pastoralist (người chăn nuôi du mục) carries the frame (khung) of his home on his camel,
22:24 and then covers it with branches (cành cây) when he stops for the night.
22:29 A fourth factor often mentioned is the number of people taking part.
22:34 In the case of fixed (cố định) transhumance (du mục), only the people who actually look after the herds travel.
22:40 These are normally the young ones because they can withstand (chịu đựng) adverse physical conditions (điều kiện thể chất bất lợi) more easily.
22:47 By contrast (ngược lại), in nomadic (du mục) transhumance (du mục), the whole group (cả nhóm) moves with their livestock (gia súc).
22:53 The last points of comparison (điểm so sánh) often made by researchers are diet (chế độ ăn) and goods (hàng hóa).
22:59 In fixed (cố định) transhumance (du mục), those who do not move from the valleys often start working as farmers,
23:05 cultivating (canh tác) the land.
23:07 They build up contacts (mối liên hệ) with other communities (cộng đồng),
23:10 and in some cases, they may also trade (trao đổi) animals for grain (ngũ cốc).
23:15 In nomadic (du mục) transhumance (du mục), there are fewer contacts (mối liên hệ).
23:18 The group are generally regarded as providers (người cung cấp) of all their own needs.
23:23 And they obtain food such as cheese (phô mai) and meat, and also their clothing (quần áo) from their herds.
23:34 Another example is found in Algeria in North Africa.
23:38 To see how far this model (mô hình) applies to (áp dụng cho) transhumance (du mục) there.
23:43 Fixed (cố định) transhumance (du mục) from valley to mountain pastures (đồng cỏ) is common in the area.
23:48 But some recent pastoralists (người chăn nuôi du mục) also take their herds on longer journeys at the end of spring,
23:54 from the Sahara (sa mạc Sahara) in the south to the plains (đồng bằng) in the north,
23:57 where there is more abundant rainfall (lượng mưa dồi dào).
24:01 They have traditionally (theo truyền thống) assisted (hỗ trợ) local farmers with the harvest (mùa thu hoạch),
24:04 which takes place (diễn ra) while they are temporarily (tạm thời) a resident (cư dân) there.
24:09 We have to decide whether their move would fall within the category (hạng mục) of fixed (cố định) or nomadic (du mục) transhumance (du mục).
24:16 It is true they live in tents, and these are movable (có thể di chuyển) and temporary (tạm thời) right through the year,
24:21 whether they are in the Sahara (sa mạc Sahara) or in the north of Algeria.
24:25 So, in considering their homes, they appear nomadic (du mục).
24:29 On the other hand, in relation to their patterns of movement, they do not.
24:34 They drive their livestock (gia súc) through the same passes in mountains each year,
24:38 which suggests fixed (cố định) transhumance (du mục).
24:41 Here, in fact, we have a case showing some features (đặc điểm) of both types of transhumance (du mục),
24:47 which we might more precisely refer to as intermediate (trung gian).
24:51 This all goes to show that you should treat every theory (lý thuyết) with great care,
24:55 and not force your case history (trường hợp cụ thể) into a model (mô hình) if it doesn't fit (phù hợp).
25:02Narrator 4 That is the end of Section Four.
25:05 You now have half a minute to check your answers.
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Từ vựng · 72 từ
lecturergiảng viên
development studiesnghiên cứu phát triển
transhumancedu mục
herds of animalsđàn gia súc
pastoralistsngười chăn nuôi du mục
distinctionsự phân biệt
fixedcố định
nomadicdu mục
factorsyếu tố
differentiatephân biệt
climatekhí hậu
predictablecó thể dự đoán
timingthời điểm
climatic conditionsđiều kiện khí hậu
anticipated rainsnhững cơn mưa được dự đoán
journeyhành trình
verticaltheo chiều dọc
typicallythường
consists ofbao gồm
migration patternsmô hình di cư
complexphức tạp
variesthay đổi
determinedđược quyết định
primarilychủ yếu
homesnhà ở
permanentcố định
shelternơi trú ẩn
semi-permanentbán cố định
cabinnhà gỗ nhỏ
protectionsự bảo vệ
temporarytạm thời
sheltersnơi trú ẩn
transportedđược vận chuyển
livestockgia súc
portabledi động
pastoralistngười chăn nuôi du mục
framekhung
branchescành cây
withstandchịu đựng
adverse physical conditionsđiều kiện thể chất bất lợi
By contrastngược lại
the whole groupcả nhóm
points of comparisonđiểm so sánh
dietchế độ ăn
goodshàng hóa
cultivatingcanh tác
contactsmối liên hệ
communitiescộng đồng
tradetrao đổi
grainngũ cốc
providersngười cung cấp
cheesephô mai
clothingquần áo
modelmô hình
applies toáp dụng cho
pasturesđồng cỏ
Saharasa mạc Sahara
plainsđồng bằng
abundant rainfalllượng mưa dồi dào
traditionallytheo truyền thống
assistedhỗ trợ
harvestmùa thu hoạch
takes placediễn ra
temporarilytạm thời
residentcư dân
categoryhạng mục
movablecó thể di chuyển
featuresđặc điểm
intermediatetrung gian
theorylý thuyết
case historytrường hợp cụ thể
fitphù hợp